Classifying a variable as a particular type of data is important when considering how to present the data. Data can be presented in a number of ways, which depends on the type of variable and the uses ...

This paper develops a method to efficiently estimate hidden Markov models with continuous latent variables using maximum likelihood estimation. To evaluate the (marginal) likelihood function, I ...

The benchmark tests show that the noise-free realization of QA can significantly outperform state-of-the-art classical algorithms. Quantum annealing (QA) is a cutting-edge algorithm that leverages the ...

Statistical clustering of criminal events can be used by crime analysts to create lists of potential suspects for an unsolved crime, to identify groups of crimes that may have been committed by the ...

A random variable that can take only a certain specified set of individual possible values-for example, the positive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . For example, stock prices are discrete random variables, ...