The table below comprises the names of units which are part of the latest syllabus for the 2025 exams. These chapters are intact with minor additions. Discovery of Electron, Proton, and Neutron, ...

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A LARGE part of statistical theory is based on the assumption that measurements are distributed in normal probability curves and that the variance is constant. The normal curve was discovered by de ...

Abstract: The Gaussian modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (GM-CVQKD) protocol is known to maximise the mutual information between two parties during quantum key distribution (QKD).

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

Abstract: We proposed an effective strategy involving a differential distribution of voltages among dynodes to significantly enhance the gain and stability of discrete dynode electron multipliers ...