Fifty years ago, Keldysh introduced an important idea. Treating both gases and solids on the same footing, he showed that strong-field ionization—valence-band to conduction-band transitions in ...

Harmonics of the 60 Hz power frequency has been around for a long time. It was observed on transmission systems in the early 1890s and was associated with voltage and current waveforms. As equipment ...

The power quality of electrical distribution systems has a drastic effect on power regulation and consumption. Power quality includes all aspects of events in the power system that deviate from normal ...

In electrical heating applications, resistive heaters are powered through phase angle-controlled SCR/triac circuits to vary the applied voltage/power to maintain the required temperature. Phase angle ...