Measuring phase noise with a spectrum analyzer. The primary advantage of dedicated phase-noise analyzers. The cross-correlation method. Using a spectrum analyzer is the oldest, most straightforward, ...

Nanometrology plays a crucial role in the advancement of nanotechnology by providing the necessary tools and methods to accurately measure and control nanoscale properties. Its importance lies in ...

The measurement technique of the aspheric surface is mainly for the surface form and parameters. The surface form is the three-dimensional distribution of the surface in the spatial domain. The ...