Closed-loop control systems are sometimes shipped from the factory with resonances and other operational difficulties that aren't supposed to be part of the package and are not well understood.

One way that Audioholics have presented on-axis and off-axis frequency responses in our loudspeaker reviews are through waterfall plots. Wikipedia defines a waterfall plot as: “a three-dimensional ...

In 1938 Hendrik Wade Bode, who worked at Bell Labs, published his asymptotic assessment of phase margin and gain margin, bearing his name [2]. The Bode plot is recognized for its simplicity and the ...

Electrical engineers will recognize the Bode plot as a plot of the frequency response of a system. It displays the frequency on the x-axis and the phase (in degrees) or magnitude (in dB) on the y-axis ...

Christophe Basso is an Application Engineering Director at ON Semiconductor in Toulouse, France, where he leads an application team dedicated to developing new offline controllers specifications. He ...

Oscilloscopes are time-domain instruments, but because they digitize waveforms, oscilloscopes can process time-domain signals into the frequency domain. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), spectrum ...

Audiophiles will go to such extents to optimize the quality of their audio chain that they sometimes defy parody. But even though the law of diminishing returns eventually becomes a factor there is ...