Read part 1 and part 2 of this series for an introduction to PAM4 and the test setups for real-world applications. PAM4 encoding offers the advantage of doubling the bit rate in a serial data channel, ...

In an earlier post, we surveyed the basic properties of PAM4 signals. Now, we will examine some of the ways in which PAM4 is finding application in the real world and what test and measurement setups ...

How to set PAM4 to encode over copper cable in very long-reach signaling to enable next-generation 25.6 and 51.2Tb/s switches, routers and 800G systems. According to an IDC white paper sponsored by ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

Beaverton, OR. Tektronix announced that it has expanded its lineup of PAM4 test solutions to include comprehensive 400G electrical compliance testing for OIF-CEI-56G VSR/MR/LR PAM4 standards. The new ...

There are exceptions to every rule, but in general, when it comes to datacenter networks, enterprise customers are doing now what the hyperscalers and cloud builders were doing six or seven years ago.

From the introduction of PCI Express 3.0 (PCIe 3.0) in 2010 onward, each new generation of the standard has offered double the signaling rate of its predecessor. PCIe 3.0 saw a significant change to ...

The PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG) has announced a milestone in the development of the PCIe 6.0 specification. It has just confirmed that the specification is now at version 0.7, and related ...

PCI-SIG, an organization that formulates PCIe specifications, announced the final draft of PCIe 6.0 in October 2021, following PCIe 5.0, whose specifications were finalized in 2019. Then, on January ...