Lithium-ion batteries were introduced in 1991 and have become the preferred technology for many applications, ranging from satellites to land vehicles to model airplanes, as well as laptop computers ...

Typically, the individual cells in a battery have somewhat different capacities and may be at different levels of state of charge (SOC). Without balancing, the cell of smallest capacity is a “weak ...

In this course, you will learn how to design balancing systems and to compute remaining energy and available power for a battery pack. Prior knowledge needed: ECEA 5730, ECEA 5731, ECEA 5732, ECEA ...

When using rechargeable lithium-ion cells in large batteries, such as those in an electric vehicle, you encounter unique problems. Bus voltages greater than 100V preclude the use of a standard IC for ...

Supercapacitors (SCs) generally operate at low voltages of about 2.7 V. To achieve higher operating voltages, it is necessary to build up a cascade of SC cells connected in series. Due to variations ...